APA style 7th edition
The American Psychological Association (APA) style is an in-text referencing style and includes
- A reference list at the end of the document for all in-text citations
- In-text citations to identify briefly the sources you have quoted or paraphrased
Download the APA 7th Quick Guide (PDF 800KB)
Reference types
- Books and book chapters
- Journal articles
- Audiovisual material (DVD, video, radio, television episode, YouTube)
- Conference papers
- Encyclopedias and dictionaries
- Lecture notes, Echo360 and PowerPoint slides on LEARN
- Legal resources (cases, Acts, Bills, regulations, Hansard, AJHR, Laws of New Zealand, treaties, Waitangi Tribunal)
- Music (recordings, scores)
- Newspaper articles
- Reports and government publications
- Social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)
- Theses
- Webpages on websites
Basic rules and in-text elements
- Reference list
- In-text citations
- Author variations
- Citing a source within a source (secondary sources)
- DOIs and URLs (APA Style website)
- Paper Format (APA Style website)
- Personal communication
- Tables and figures (including charts, graphs, images and pictures)
APA style is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). For more resources see Other APA style resources and Quick APA citation tools.
The 7th edition of APA was published in October 2019. Some departments and lecturers may still be using the APA 6th edition. Ask your lecturer or supervisor if you are unsure which edition to use.